RDInfo

Choosing an appropriate method of research

After turning your idea into a research question and reviewing any necessary literature, the method of research must be considered. The methodology selected should be the one that will be the most effective to collect the data needed to answer the research question or to test the hypothesis.

Research studies may be either quantitative or qualitative, although it is possible to use both approaches in the same research project.

Quantitative Methods

In quantitative research the data collected takes the form of measurements or counts which can be statistically analysed. The process of quantitative research follows standard procedures, methods, forms of analysis and reporting the results of the research undertaken. This standardisation maximises objectivity.

Quantitative methods can be used for comparison of subgroups and analysis is generally conducted through statistics. The method is based on meanings derived from numbers and results are numerical and standardised data.

Quantitative methods use numbers and statistics. General sequence:

1. Observe/present questionnaire/ask questions with fixed answers
2. Tabulate
3. Summarise data
4. Analyse data
5. Draw conclusions

Qualitative Methods

Qualitative research offers insights and understandings of participants, which is unobtainable by quantitative research, but is more than just non-numerical research. It aims to study the subject in their natural surroundings and to collect naturally occurring, non-biased data. It describes in words, rather than numbers, the qualities of the subject through observation. Methods of qualitative research include structured and unstructured interviews, group interviews and focus groups.

Qualitative methods can highlight key themes or patterns emerging in the project, are used to comprehend and manage data and used to develop and test hypothesises.

There are, naturally, weaknesses with qualitative research. The result is less easily generalised than with quantitative methods.

Qualitative methods use descriptions and categories. General sequence:

1. Observe/ask questions with open-ended answers
2. Record what is said and/or done
3. Interpret
4. Return to observe/ask more question (recurring cycles of 2-4 iteration)
5. Theorising
6. Draw conclusions

Qualitative methods are also used in health related action research. See:BMJ - Qualitative research in health care

Comparison

adapted from Cook and Reichardt (1979)

• Useful Link:: The Qualitative Report from Nova Southeastern University